Class: java.lang.String

The String class represents character strings. All string literals in Java programs, such as "abc", are implemented as instances of this class.

Strings are constant; their values cannot be changed after they are created. String buffers support mutable strings. Because String objects are immutable they can be shared. For example: 

     String str = "abc";

is equivalent to: 

     char data[] = {'a', 'b', 'c'};
     String str = new String(data);

Here are some more examples of how strings can be used: 

     System.out.println("abc");
     String cde = "cde";
     System.out.println("abc" + cde);
     String c = "abc".substring(2,3);
     String d = cde.substring(1, 2);

The class String includes methods for examining individual characters of the sequence, for comparing strings, for searching strings, for extracting substrings, and for creating a copy of a string with all characters translated to uppercase or to lowercase. Case mapping is based on the Unicode Standard version specified by the Character class.

The Java language provides special support for the string concatenation operator ( + ), and for conversion of other objects to strings. String concatenation is implemented through the StringBuilder(or StringBuffer) class and its append method. String conversions are implemented through the method toString, defined by Object and inherited by all classes in Java. For additional information on string concatenation and conversion, see Gosling, Joy, and Steele, The Java Language Specification.

Unless otherwise noted, passing a null argument to a constructor or method in this class will cause a NullPointerException to be thrown.

A String represents a string in the UTF-16 format in which supplementary characters are represented by surrogate pairs (see the section Unicode Character Representations in the Character class for more information). Index values refer to char code units, so a supplementary character uses two positions in a String.

The String class provides methods for dealing with Unicode code points (i.e., characters), in addition to those for dealing with Unicode code units (i.e., char values).

Authors:
@author Lee Boynton
@author Arthur van Hoff
See:
@see Object.toString()
@see StringBuffer
@see StringBuilder
@see java.nio.charset.Charset
Version:
@version 1.189, 10/21/05
Since:
@since JDK1.0

Inheritance

Superclass tree: Implements:

Methods

  • Stringtop

    public String()
    Initializes a newly created String object so that it represents an empty character sequence. Note that use of this constructor is unnecessary since Strings are immutable.
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  • Stringtop

    public String(String original)
    Initializes a newly created String object so that it represents the same sequence of characters as the argument; in other words, the newly created string is a copy of the argument string. Unless an explicit copy of original is needed, use of this constructor is unnecessary since Strings are immutable.
    Parameters:
    @param original a String.
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  • Stringtop

    public String(StringBuffer buffer)
    Allocates a new string that contains the sequence of characters currently contained in the string buffer argument. The contents of the string buffer are copied; subsequent modification of the string buffer does not affect the newly created string.
    Parameters:
    @param buffer a StringBuffer.
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  • Stringtop

    public String(StringBuilder builder)
    Allocates a new string that contains the sequence of characters currently contained in the string builder argument. The contents of the string builder are copied; subsequent modification of the string builder does not affect the newly created string.

    This constructor is provided to ease migration to StringBuilder. Obtaining a string from a string builder via the toString method is likely to run faster and is generally preferred.

    Parameters:
    @param builder a StringBuilder
    Since:
    @since 1.5
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  • Stringtop

    public String(byte[] bytes)
    Constructs a new String by decoding the specified array of bytes using the platform's default charset. The length of the new String is a function of the charset, and hence may not be equal to the length of the byte array.

    The behavior of this constructor when the given bytes are not valid in the default charset is unspecified. The java.nio.charset.CharsetDecoder class should be used when more control over the decoding process is required.

    Parameters:
    @param bytes the bytes to be decoded into characters
    Since:
    @since JDK1.1
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  • Stringtop

    public String(byte[] ascii, int hibyte)
    Allocates a new String containing characters constructed from an array of 8-bit integer values. Each character cin the resulting string is constructed from the corresponding component b in the byte array such that: 

         c == (char)(((hibyte & 0xff) << 8)
                         | (b & 0xff))
    Parameters:
    @param ascii the bytes to be converted to characters.
    @param hibyte the top 8 bits of each 16-bit Unicode character.
    Deprecated:
    @deprecated This method does not properly convert bytes into characters. As of JDK 1.1, the preferred way to do this is via the String constructors that take a charset name or that use the platform's default charset.
    See:
    @see String.String(byte[], int, int, java.lang.String)
    @see String.String(byte[], int, int)
    @see String.String(byte[], java.lang.String)
    @see String.String(byte[])
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  • Stringtop

    public String(byte[] bytes, int offset, int length)
    Constructs a new String by decoding the specified subarray of bytes using the platform's default charset. The length of the new String is a function of the charset, and hence may not be equal to the length of the subarray.

    The behavior of this constructor when the given bytes are not valid in the default charset is unspecified. The java.nio.charset.CharsetDecoder class should be used when more control over the decoding process is required.

    Parameters:
    @param bytes the bytes to be decoded into characters
    @param offset the index of the first byte to decode
    @param length the number of bytes to decode
    Exceptions:
    @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the offset and the length arguments index characters outside the bounds of the bytes array
    Since:
    @since JDK1.1
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  • Stringtop

    public String(byte[] ascii, int hibyte, int offset, int count)
    Allocates a new String constructed from a subarray of an array of 8-bit integer values.

    The offset argument is the index of the first byte of the subarray, and the count argument specifies the length of the subarray.

    Each byte in the subarray is converted to a char as specified in the method above.

    Parameters:
    @param ascii the bytes to be converted to characters.
    @param hibyte the top 8 bits of each 16-bit Unicode character.
    @param offset the initial offset.
    @param count the length.
    Exceptions:
    @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if the offset or count argument is invalid.
    Deprecated:
    @deprecated This method does not properly convert bytes into characters. As of JDK 1.1, the preferred way to do this is via the String constructors that take a charset name or that use the platform's default charset.
    See:
    @see String.String(byte[], int)
    @see String.String(byte[], int, int, java.lang.String)
    @see String.String(byte[], int, int)
    @see String.String(byte[], java.lang.String)
    @see String.String(byte[])
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  • Stringtop

    public String(byte[] bytes, int offset, int length, String charsetName) throws UnsupportedEncodingException
    Constructs a new String by decoding the specified subarray of bytes using the specified charset. The length of the new String is a function of the charset, and hence may not be equal to the length of the subarray.

    The behavior of this constructor when the given bytes are not valid in the given charset is unspecified. The java.nio.charset.CharsetDecoder class should be used when more control over the decoding process is required.

    Parameters:
    @param bytes the bytes to be decoded into characters
    @param offset the index of the first byte to decode
    @param length the number of bytes to decode
    @param charsetName the name of a supported charset
    Exceptions:
    @throws UnsupportedEncodingException if the named charset is not supported
    @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if the offset and length arguments index characters outside the bounds of the bytes array
    Since:
    @since JDK1.1
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  • Stringtop

    public String(byte[] bytes, String charsetName) throws UnsupportedEncodingException
    Constructs a new String by decoding the specified array of bytes using the specified charset. The length of the new String is a function of the charset, and hence may not be equal to the length of the byte array.

    The behavior of this constructor when the given bytes are not valid in the given charset is unspecified. The java.nio.charset.CharsetDecoder class should be used when more control over the decoding process is required.

    Parameters:
    @param bytes the bytes to be decoded into characters
    @param charsetName the name of a supported charset
    Exceptions:
    @exception UnsupportedEncodingException If the named charset is not supported
    Since:
    @since JDK1.1
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  • Stringtop

    public String(char[] value)
    Allocates a new String so that it represents the sequence of characters currently contained in the character array argument. The contents of the character array are copied; subsequent modification of the character array does not affect the newly created string.
    Parameters:
    @param value the initial value of the string.
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  • Stringtop

    public String(char[] value, int offset, int count)
    Allocates a new String that contains characters from a subarray of the character array argument. The offset argument is the index of the first character of the subarray and the count argument specifies the length of the subarray. The contents of the subarray are copied; subsequent modification of the character array does not affect the newly created string.
    Parameters:
    @param value array that is the source of characters.
    @param offset the initial offset.
    @param count the length.
    Exceptions:
    @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if the offset and count arguments index characters outside the bounds of the value array.
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  • Stringtop

    public String(int[] codePoints, int offset, int count)
    Allocates a new String that contains characters from a subarray of the Unicode code point array argument. The offset argument is the index of the first code point of the subarray and the count argument specifies the length of the subarray. The contents of the subarray are converted to chars; subsequent modification of the int array does not affect the newly created string.
    Parameters:
    @param codePoints array that is the source of Unicode code points.
    @param offset the initial offset.
    @param count the length.
    Exceptions:
    @exception IllegalArgumentException if any invalid Unicode code point is found in codePoints
    @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if the offset and count arguments index characters outside the bounds of the codePoints array.
    Since:
    @since 1.5
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  • charAttop

    public char charAt(int index)
    Returns the char value at the specified index. An index ranges from 0 to length() - 1. The first char value of the sequence is at index 0, the next at index 1, and so on, as for array indexing.

    If the char value specified by the index is a surrogate, the surrogate value is returned.

    Parameters:
    @param index the index of the char value.
    Return:
    @return the char value at the specified index of this string. The first char value is at index 0.
    Exceptions:
    @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index argument is negative or not less than the length of this string.
    Specified by:
    charAt from CharSequence
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  • codePointAttop

    public int codePointAt(int index)
    Returns the character (Unicode code point) at the specified index. The index refers to char values (Unicode code units) and ranges from 0 to String.length() - 1.

    If the char value specified at the given index is in the high-surrogate range, the following index is less than the length of this String, and the char value at the following index is in the low-surrogate range, then the supplementary code point corresponding to this surrogate pair is returned. Otherwise, the char value at the given index is returned.

    Parameters:
    @param index the index to the char values
    Return:
    @return the code point value of the character at the index
    Exceptions:
    @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index argument is negative or not less than the length of this string.
    Since:
    @since 1.5
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  • codePointBeforetop

    public int codePointBefore(int index)
    Returns the character (Unicode code point) before the specified index. The index refers to char values (Unicode code units) and ranges from 1 to length.

    If the char value at (index - 1) is in the low-surrogate range, (index - 2) is not negative, and the char value at (index - 2) is in the high-surrogate range, then the supplementary code point value of the surrogate pair is returned. If the char value at index - 1 is an unpaired low-surrogate or a high-surrogate, the surrogate value is returned.

    Parameters:
    @param index the index following the code point that should be returned
    Return:
    @return the Unicode code point value before the given index.
    Exceptions:
    @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if the index argument is less than 1 or greater than the length of this string.
    Since:
    @since 1.5
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  • codePointCounttop

    public int codePointCount(int beginIndex, int endIndex)
    Returns the number of Unicode code points in the specified text range of this String. The text range begins at the specified beginIndex and extends to the char at index endIndex - 1. Thus the length (in chars) of the text range is endIndex-beginIndex. Unpaired surrogates within the text range count as one code point each.
    Parameters:
    @param beginIndex the index to the first char of the text range.
    @param endIndex the index after the last char of the text range.
    Return:
    @return the number of Unicode code points in the specified text range
    Exceptions:
    @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if the beginIndex is negative, or endIndex is larger than the length of this String, or beginIndex is larger than endIndex.
    Since:
    @since 1.5
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  • compareTotop

    public int compareTo(String anotherString)
    Compares two strings lexicographically. The comparison is based on the Unicode value of each character in the strings. The character sequence represented by this String object is compared lexicographically to the character sequence represented by the argument string. The result is a negative integer if this String object lexicographically precedes the argument string. The result is a positive integer if this String object lexicographically follows the argument string. The result is zero if the strings are equal; compareTo returns 0 exactly when the String.equals(java.lang.Object) method would return true.

    This is the definition of lexicographic ordering. If two strings are different, then either they have different characters at some index that is a valid index for both strings, or their lengths are different, or both. If they have different characters at one or more index positions, let k be the smallest such index; then the string whose character at position k has the smaller value, as determined by using the < operator, lexicographically precedes the other string. In this case, compareTo returns the difference of the two character values at position k in the two string -- that is, the value: 

     this.charAt(k)-anotherString.charAt(k)
    If there is no index position at which they differ, then the shorter string lexicographically precedes the longer string. In this case, compareTo returns the difference of the lengths of the strings -- that is, the value: 
     this.length()-anotherString.length()
    Parameters:
    @param anotherString the String to be compared.
    Return:
    @return the value 0 if the argument string is equal to this string; a value less than 0 if this string is lexicographically less than the string argument; and a value greater than 0 if this string is lexicographically greater than the string argument.
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  • compareToIgnoreCasetop

    public int compareToIgnoreCase(String str)
    Compares two strings lexicographically, ignoring case differences. This method returns an integer whose sign is that of calling compareTo with normalized versions of the strings where case differences have been eliminated by calling Character.toLowerCase(Character.toUpperCase(character)) on each character.

    Note that this method does not take locale into account, and will result in an unsatisfactory ordering for certain locales. The java.text package provides collators to allow locale-sensitive ordering.

    Parameters:
    @param str the String to be compared.
    Return:
    @return a negative integer, zero, or a positive integer as the specified String is greater than, equal to, or less than this String, ignoring case considerations.
    See:
    @see java.text.Collator.compare(java.lang.String, java.lang.String)
    Since:
    @since 1.2
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  • concattop

    public String concat(String str)
    Concatenates the specified string to the end of this string.

    If the length of the argument string is 0, then this String object is returned. Otherwise, a new String object is created, representing a character sequence that is the concatenation of the character sequence represented by this String object and the character sequence represented by the argument string.

    Examples: 

     "cares".concat("s") returns "caress"
 "to".concat("get").concat("her") returns "together"
    Parameters:
    @param str the String that is concatenated to the end of this String.
    Return:
    @return a string that represents the concatenation of this object's characters followed by the string argument's characters.
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  • containstop

    public boolean contains(CharSequence s)
    Returns true if and only if this string contains the specified sequence of char values.
    Parameters:
    @param s the sequence to search for
    Return:
    @return true if this string contains s, false otherwise
    Exceptions:
    @throws NullPointerException if s is null
    Since:
    @since 1.5
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  • contentEqualstop

    public boolean contentEquals(CharSequence cs)
    Returns true if and only if this String represents the same sequence of char values as the specified sequence.
    Parameters:
    @param cs the sequence to compare to.
    Return:
    @return true if and only if this String represents the same sequence of char values as the specified sequence, otherwise false.
    Exceptions:
    @throws NullPointerException if cs is null
    Since:
    @since 1.5
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  • contentEqualstop

    public boolean contentEquals(StringBuffer sb)
    Returns true if and only if this String represents the same sequence of characters as the specified StringBuffer.
    Parameters:
    @param sb the StringBuffer to compare to.
    Return:
    @return true if and only if this String represents the same sequence of characters as the specified StringBuffer, otherwise false.
    Exceptions:
    @throws NullPointerException if sb is null
    Since:
    @since 1.4
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  • copyValueOftop

    public static String copyValueOf(char[] data)
    Returns a String that represents the character sequence in the array specified.
    Parameters:
    @param data the character array.
    Return:
    @return a String that contains the characters of the character array.
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  • copyValueOftop

    public static String copyValueOf(char[] data, int offset, int count)
    Returns a String that represents the character sequence in the array specified.
    Parameters:
    @param data the character array.
    @param offset initial offset of the subarray.
    @param count length of the subarray.
    Return:
    @return a String that contains the characters of the specified subarray of the character array.
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  • endsWithtop

    public boolean endsWith(String suffix)
    Tests if this string ends with the specified suffix.
    Parameters:
    @param suffix the suffix.
    Return:
    @return true if the character sequence represented by the argument is a suffix of the character sequence represented by this object; false otherwise. Note that the result will be true if the argument is the empty string or is equal to this String object as determined by the String.equals(java.lang.Object) method.
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  • equalstop

    public boolean equals(Object anObject)
    Compares this string to the specified object. The result is true if and only if the argument is not null and is a String object that represents the same sequence of characters as this object.
    Parameters:
    @param anObject the object to compare this String against.
    Return:
    @return true if the String are equal; false otherwise.
    See:
    @see String.compareTo(java.lang.String)
    @see String.equalsIgnoreCase(java.lang.String)
    Override hierarchy:
    equals from Object
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  • equalsIgnoreCasetop

    public boolean equalsIgnoreCase(String anotherString)
    Compares this String to another String, ignoring case considerations. Two strings are considered equal ignoring case if they are of the same length, and corresponding characters in the two strings are equal ignoring case.

    Two characters c1 and c2 are considered the same, ignoring case if at least one of the following is true:

    Parameters:
    @param anotherString the String to compare this String against.
    Return:
    @return true if the argument is not null and the Strings are equal, ignoring case; false otherwise.
    See:
    @see String.equals(java.lang.Object)
    @see Character.toLowerCase(char)
    @see Character.toUpperCase(char)
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  • formattop

    public static String format(String format, Object... args)
    Returns a formatted string using the specified format string and arguments.

    The locale always used is the one returned by Locale.getDefault().

    Parameters:
    @param format A format string
    @param args Arguments referenced by the format specifiers in the format string. If there are more arguments than format specifiers, the extra arguments are ignored. The number of arguments is variable and may be zero. The maximum number of arguments is limited by the maximum dimension of a Java array as defined by the Java Virtual Machine Specification. The behaviour on a null argument depends on the conversion.
    Return:
    @return A formatted string
    Exceptions:
    @throws IllegalFormatException If a format string contains an illegal syntax, a format specifier that is incompatible with the given arguments, insufficient arguments given the format string, or other illegal conditions. For specification of all possible formatting errors, see the Details section of the formatter class specification.
    @throws NullPointerException If the format is null
    See:
    @see java.util.Formatter
    Since:
    @since 1.5
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  • formattop

    public static String format(Locale l, String format, Object... args)
    Returns a formatted string using the specified locale, format string, and arguments.
    Parameters:
    @param l The locale to apply during formatting. If l is null then no localization is applied.
    @param format A format string
    @param args Arguments referenced by the format specifiers in the format string. If there are more arguments than format specifiers, the extra arguments are ignored. The number of arguments is variable and may be zero. The maximum number of arguments is limited by the maximum dimension of a Java array as defined by the Java Virtual Machine Specification. The behaviour on a null argument depends on the conversion.
    Return:
    @return A formatted string
    Exceptions:
    @throws IllegalFormatException If a format string contains an illegal syntax, a format specifier that is incompatible with the given arguments, insufficient arguments given the format string, or other illegal conditions. For specification of all possible formatting errors, see the Details section of the formatter class specification
    @throws NullPointerException If the format is null
    See:
    @see java.util.Formatter
    Since:
    @since 1.5
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  • getBytestop

    public byte[] getBytes()
    Encodes this String into a sequence of bytes using the platform's default charset, storing the result into a new byte array.

    The behavior of this method when this string cannot be encoded in the default charset is unspecified. The java.nio.charset.CharsetEncoder class should be used when more control over the encoding process is required.

    Return:
    @return The resultant byte array
    Since:
    @since JDK1.1
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  • getBytestop

    public void getBytes(int srcBegin, int srcEnd, byte[] dst, int dstBegin)
    Copies characters from this string into the destination byte array. Each byte receives the 8 low-order bits of the corresponding character. The eight high-order bits of each character are not copied and do not participate in the transfer in any way.

    The first character to be copied is at index srcBegin; the last character to be copied is at index srcEnd-1. The total number of characters to be copied is srcEnd-srcBegin. The characters, converted to bytes, are copied into the subarray of dst starting at index dstBegin and ending at index: 

         dstbegin + (srcEnd-srcBegin) - 1
    Parameters:
    @param srcBegin index of the first character in the string to copy.
    @param srcEnd index after the last character in the string to copy.
    @param dst the destination array.
    @param dstBegin the start offset in the destination array.
    Exceptions:
    @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if any of the following is true:
    • srcBegin is negative
    • srcBegin is greater than srcEnd
    • srcEnd is greater than the length of this String
    • dstBegin is negative
    • dstBegin+(srcEnd-srcBegin) is larger than dst.length
    Deprecated:
    @deprecated This method does not properly convert characters into bytes. As of JDK 1.1, the preferred way to do this is via the getBytes() method, which uses the platform's default charset.
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  • getBytestop

    public byte[] getBytes(String charsetName) throws UnsupportedEncodingException
    Encodes this String into a sequence of bytes using the named charset, storing the result into a new byte array.

    The behavior of this method when this string cannot be encoded in the given charset is unspecified. The java.nio.charset.CharsetEncoder class should be used when more control over the encoding process is required.

    Parameters:
    @param charsetName the name of a supported charset
    Return:
    @return The resultant byte array
    Exceptions:
    @exception UnsupportedEncodingException If the named charset is not supported
    Since:
    @since JDK1.1
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  • getCharstop

    public void getChars(int srcBegin, int srcEnd, char[] dst, int dstBegin)
    Copies characters from this string into the destination character array.

    The first character to be copied is at index srcBegin; the last character to be copied is at index srcEnd-1 (thus the total number of characters to be copied is srcEnd-srcBegin). The characters are copied into the subarray of dst starting at index dstBegin and ending at index: 

         dstbegin + (srcEnd-srcBegin) - 1
    Parameters:
    @param srcBegin index of the first character in the string to copy.
    @param srcEnd index after the last character in the string to copy.
    @param dst the destination array.
    @param dstBegin the start offset in the destination array.
    Exceptions:
    @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException If any of the following is true:
    • srcBegin is negative.
    • srcBegin is greater than srcEnd
    • srcEnd is greater than the length of this string
    • dstBegin is negative
    • dstBegin+(srcEnd-srcBegin) is larger than dst.length
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  • hashCodetop

    public int hashCode()
    Returns a hash code for this string. The hash code for a String object is computed as 
     s[0]*31^(n-1) + s[1]*31^(n-2) + ... + s[n-1]
    using int arithmetic, where s[i] is the ith character of the string, n is the length of the string, and ^ indicates exponentiation. (The hash value of the empty string is zero.)
    Return:
    @return a hash code value for this object.
    Override hierarchy:
    hashCode from Object
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  • indexOftop

    public int indexOf(int ch)
    Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified character. If a character with value ch occurs in the character sequence represented by this String object, then the index (in Unicode code units) of the first such occurrence is returned. For values of ch in the range from 0 to 0xFFFF (inclusive), this is the smallest value k such that: 
     this.charAt(k) == ch
    is true. For other values of ch, it is the smallest value k such that: 
     this.codePointAt(k) == ch
    is true. In either case, if no such character occurs in this string, then -1 is returned.
    Parameters:
    @param ch a character (Unicode code point).
    Return:
    @return the index of the first occurrence of the character in the character sequence represented by this object, or -1 if the character does not occur.
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  • indexOftop

    public int indexOf(int ch, int fromIndex)
    Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified character, starting the search at the specified index.

    If a character with value ch occurs in the character sequence represented by this String object at an index no smaller than fromIndex, then the index of the first such occurrence is returned. For values of ch in the range from 0 to 0xFFFF (inclusive), this is the smallest value k such that: 

     (this.charAt(k) == ch) && (k >= fromIndex)
    is true. For other values of ch, it is the smallest value k such that: 
     (this.codePointAt(k) == ch) && (k >= fromIndex)
    is true. In either case, if no such character occurs in this string at or after position fromIndex, then -1 is returned.

    There is no restriction on the value of fromIndex. If it is negative, it has the same effect as if it were zero: this entire string may be searched. If it is greater than the length of this string, it has the same effect as if it were equal to the length of this string: -1 is returned.

    All indices are specified in char values (Unicode code units).

    Parameters:
    @param ch a character (Unicode code point).
    @param fromIndex the index to start the search from.
    Return:
    @return the index of the first occurrence of the character in the character sequence represented by this object that is greater than or equal to fromIndex, or -1 if the character does not occur.
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  • indexOftop

    public int indexOf(String str)
    Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified substring. The integer returned is the smallest value k such that: 
     this.startsWith(str, k)
    is true.
    Parameters:
    @param str any string.
    Return:
    @return if the string argument occurs as a substring within this object, then the index of the first character of the first such substring is returned; if it does not occur as a substring, -1 is returned.
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  • indexOftop

    public int indexOf(String str, int fromIndex)
    Returns the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified substring, starting at the specified index. The integer returned is the smallest value k for which: 
         k >= Math.min(fromIndex, str.length()) && this.startsWith(str, k)
    If no such value of k exists, then -1 is returned.
    Parameters:
    @param str the substring for which to search.
    @param fromIndex the index from which to start the search.
    Return:
    @return the index within this string of the first occurrence of the specified substring, starting at the specified index.
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  • interntop

    public native String intern()
    Returns a canonical representation for the string object.

    A pool of strings, initially empty, is maintained privately by the class String.

    When the intern method is invoked, if the pool already contains a string equal to this String object as determined by the String.equals(java.lang.Object) method, then the string from the pool is returned. Otherwise, this String object is added to the pool and a reference to this String object is returned.

    It follows that for any two strings s and t, s.intern() == t.intern() is true if and only if s.equals(t) is true.

    All literal strings and string-valued constant expressions are interned. String literals are defined in §3.10.5 of the Java Language Specification

    Return:
    @return a string that has the same contents as this string, but is guaranteed to be from a pool of unique strings.
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  • lastIndexOftop

    public int lastIndexOf(int ch)
    Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the specified character. For values of ch in the range from 0 to 0xFFFF (inclusive), the index (in Unicode code units) returned is the largest value k such that: 
     this.charAt(k) == ch
    is true. For other values of ch, it is the largest value k such that: 
     this.codePointAt(k) == ch
    is true. In either case, if no such character occurs in this string, then -1 is returned. The String is searched backwards starting at the last character.
    Parameters:
    @param ch a character (Unicode code point).
    Return:
    @return the index of the last occurrence of the character in the character sequence represented by this object, or -1 if the character does not occur.
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  • lastIndexOftop

    public int lastIndexOf(int ch, int fromIndex)
    Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the specified character, searching backward starting at the specified index. For values of ch in the range from 0 to 0xFFFF (inclusive), the index returned is the largest value k such that: 
     (this.charAt(k) == ch) && (k <= fromIndex)
    is true. For other values of ch, it is the largest value k such that: 
     (this.codePointAt(k) == ch) && (k <= fromIndex)
    is true. In either case, if no such character occurs in this string at or before position fromIndex, then -1 is returned.

    All indices are specified in char values (Unicode code units).

    Parameters:
    @param ch a character (Unicode code point).
    @param fromIndex the index to start the search from. There is no restriction on the value of fromIndex. If it is greater than or equal to the length of this string, it has the same effect as if it were equal to one less than the length of this string: this entire string may be searched. If it is negative, it has the same effect as if it were -1: -1 is returned.
    Return:
    @return the index of the last occurrence of the character in the character sequence represented by this object that is less than or equal to fromIndex, or -1 if the character does not occur before that point.
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  • lastIndexOftop

    public int lastIndexOf(String str)
    Returns the index within this string of the rightmost occurrence of the specified substring. The rightmost empty string "" is considered to occur at the index value this.length(). The returned index is the largest value k such that 
     this.startsWith(str, k)
    is true.
    Parameters:
    @param str the substring to search for.
    Return:
    @return if the string argument occurs one or more times as a substring within this object, then the index of the first character of the last such substring is returned. If it does not occur as a substring, -1 is returned.
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  • lastIndexOftop

    public int lastIndexOf(String str, int fromIndex)
    Returns the index within this string of the last occurrence of the specified substring, searching backward starting at the specified index. The integer returned is the largest value k such that: 
         k <= Math.min(fromIndex, str.length()) && this.startsWith(str, k)
    If no such value of k exists, then -1 is returned.
    Parameters:
    @param str the substring to search for.
    @param fromIndex the index to start the search from.
    Return:
    @return the index within this string of the last occurrence of the specified substring.
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  • lengthtop

    public int length()
    Returns the length of this string. The length is equal to the number of 16-bit Unicode characters in the string.
    Return:
    @return the length of the sequence of characters represented by this object.
    Specified by:
    length from CharSequence
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  • matchestop

    public boolean matches(String regex)
    Tells whether or not this string matches the given regular expression.

    An invocation of this method of the form str.matches(regex) yields exactly the same result as the expression

    java.util.regex.Pattern.matches(regex, str)
    Parameters:
    @param regex the regular expression to which this string is to be matched
    Return:
    @return true if, and only if, this string matches the given regular expression
    Exceptions:
    @throws PatternSyntaxException if the regular expression's syntax is invalid
    See:
    @see java.util.regex.Pattern
    Since:
    @since 1.4
    Misc:
    @spec JSR-51
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  • offsetByCodePointstop

    public int offsetByCodePoints(int index, int codePointOffset)
    Returns the index within this String that is offset from the given index by codePointOffset code points. Unpaired surrogates within the text range given by index and codePointOffset count as one code point each.
    Parameters:
    @param index the index to be offset
    @param codePointOffset the offset in code points
    Return:
    @return the index within this String
    Exceptions:
    @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if index is negative or larger then the length of this String, or if codePointOffset is positive and the substring starting with index has fewer than codePointOffset code points, or if codePointOffset is negative and the substring before index has fewer than the absolute value of codePointOffset code points.
    Since:
    @since 1.5
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  • regionMatchestop

    public boolean regionMatches(int toffset, String other, int ooffset, int len)
    Tests if two string regions are equal.

    A substring of this String object is compared to a substring of the argument other. The result is true if these substrings represent identical character sequences. The substring of this String object to be compared begins at index toffset and has length len. The substring of other to be compared begins at index ooffset and has length len. The result is false if and only if at least one of the following is true:

    • toffset is negative.
    • ooffset is negative.
    • toffset+len is greater than the length of this String object.
    • ooffset+len is greater than the length of the other argument.
    • There is some nonnegative integer k less than len such that: this.charAt(toffset+k) != other.charAt(ooffset+k)
    Parameters:
    @param toffset the starting offset of the subregion in this string.
    @param other the string argument.
    @param ooffset the starting offset of the subregion in the string argument.
    @param len the number of characters to compare.
    Return:
    @return true if the specified subregion of this string exactly matches the specified subregion of the string argument; false otherwise.
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  • regionMatchestop

    public boolean regionMatches(boolean ignoreCase, int toffset, String other, int ooffset, int len)
    Tests if two string regions are equal.

    A substring of this String object is compared to a substring of the argument other. The result is true if these substrings represent character sequences that are the same, ignoring case if and only if ignoreCase is true. The substring of this String object to be compared begins at index toffset and has length len. The substring of other to be compared begins at index ooffset and has length len. The result is false if and only if at least one of the following is true:

    • toffset is negative.
    • ooffset is negative.
    • toffset+len is greater than the length of this String object.
    • ooffset+len is greater than the length of the other argument.
    • ignoreCase is false and there is some nonnegative integer k less than len such that: 
       this.charAt(toffset+k) != other.charAt(ooffset+k)
    • ignoreCase is true and there is some nonnegative integer k less than len such that: 
       Character.toLowerCase(this.charAt(toffset+k)) !=
               Character.toLowerCase(other.charAt(ooffset+k))
      and: 
       Character.toUpperCase(this.charAt(toffset+k)) !=
         Character.toUpperCase(other.charAt(ooffset+k))
    Parameters:
    @param ignoreCase if true, ignore case when comparing characters.
    @param toffset the starting offset of the subregion in this string.
    @param other the string argument.
    @param ooffset the starting offset of the subregion in the string argument.
    @param len the number of characters to compare.
    Return:
    @return true if the specified subregion of this string matches the specified subregion of the string argument; false otherwise. Whether the matching is exact or case insensitive depends on the ignoreCase argument.
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  • replacetop

    public String replace(char oldChar, char newChar)
    Returns a new string resulting from replacing all occurrences of oldChar in this string with newChar.

    If the character oldChar does not occur in the character sequence represented by this String object, then a reference to this String object is returned. Otherwise, a new String object is created that represents a character sequence identical to the character sequence represented by this String object, except that every occurrence of oldChar is replaced by an occurrence of newChar.

    Examples: 

     "mesquite in your cellar".replace('e', 'o')
         returns "mosquito in your collar"
 "the war of baronets".replace('r', 'y')
         returns "the way of bayonets"
 "sparring with a purple porpoise".replace('p', 't')
         returns "starring with a turtle tortoise"
 "JonL".replace('q', 'x') returns "JonL" (no change)
    Parameters:
    @param oldChar the old character.
    @param newChar the new character.
    Return:
    @return a string derived from this string by replacing every occurrence of oldChar with newChar.
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  • replacetop

    public String replace(CharSequence target, CharSequence replacement)
    Replaces each substring of this string that matches the literal target sequence with the specified literal replacement sequence. The replacement proceeds from the beginning of the string to the end, for example, replacing "aa" with "b" in the string "aaa" will result in "ba" rather than "ab".
    Parameters:
    @param target The sequence of char values to be replaced
    @param replacement The replacement sequence of char values
    Return:
    @return The resulting string
    Exceptions:
    @throws NullPointerException if target or replacement is null.
    Since:
    @since 1.5
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  • replaceAlltop

    public String replaceAll(String regex, String replacement)
    Replaces each substring of this string that matches the given regular expression with the given replacement.

    An invocation of this method of the form str.replaceAll(regex, repl) yields exactly the same result as the expression

    java.util.regex.Pattern.compile(regex).matcher(str).replaceAll(repl)
    Parameters:
    @param regex the regular expression to which this string is to be matched
    Return:
    @return The resulting String
    Exceptions:
    @throws PatternSyntaxException if the regular expression's syntax is invalid
    See:
    @see java.util.regex.Pattern
    Since:
    @since 1.4
    Misc:
    @spec JSR-51
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  • replaceFirsttop

    public String replaceFirst(String regex, String replacement)
    Replaces the first substring of this string that matches the given regular expression with the given replacement.

    An invocation of this method of the form str.replaceFirst(regex, repl) yields exactly the same result as the expression

    java.util.regex.Pattern.compile(regex).matcher(str).replaceFirst(repl)
    Parameters:
    @param regex the regular expression to which this string is to be matched
    Return:
    @return The resulting String
    Exceptions:
    @throws PatternSyntaxException if the regular expression's syntax is invalid
    See:
    @see java.util.regex.Pattern
    Since:
    @since 1.4
    Misc:
    @spec JSR-51
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  • splittop

    public String[] split(String regex)
    Splits this string around matches of the given regular expression.

    This method works as if by invoking the two-argument split method with the given expression and a limit argument of zero. Trailing empty strings are therefore not included in the resulting array.

    The string "boo:and:foo", for example, yields the following results with these expressions:

    RegexResult
    :{ "boo", "and", "foo" }
    o{ "b", "", ":and:f" }
    Parameters:
    @param regex the delimiting regular expression
    Return:
    @return the array of strings computed by splitting this string around matches of the given regular expression
    Exceptions:
    @throws PatternSyntaxException if the regular expression's syntax is invalid
    See:
    @see java.util.regex.Pattern
    Since:
    @since 1.4
    Misc:
    @spec JSR-51
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  • splittop

    public String[] split(String regex, int limit)
    Splits this string around matches of the given regular expression.

    The array returned by this method contains each substring of this string that is terminated by another substring that matches the given expression or is terminated by the end of the string. The substrings in the array are in the order in which they occur in this string. If the expression does not match any part of the input then the resulting array has just one element, namely this string.

    The limit parameter controls the number of times the pattern is applied and therefore affects the length of the resulting array. If the limit n is greater than zero then the pattern will be applied at most n - 1 times, the array's length will be no greater than n, and the array's last entry will contain all input beyond the last matched delimiter. If n is non-positive then the pattern will be applied as many times as possible and the array can have any length. If n is zero then the pattern will be applied as many times as possible, the array can have any length, and trailing empty strings will be discarded.

    The string "boo:and:foo", for example, yields the following results with these parameters:

    RegexLimitResult
    :2{ "boo", "and:foo" }
    :5{ "boo", "and", "foo" }
    :-2{ "boo", "and", "foo" }
    o5{ "b", "", ":and:f", "", "" }
    o-2{ "b", "", ":and:f", "", "" }
    o0{ "b", "", ":and:f" }

    An invocation of this method of the form str.split(regex, n) yields the same result as the expression

    java.util.regex.Pattern.compile(regex).split(str, n)
    Parameters:
    @param regex the delimiting regular expression
    @param limit the result threshold, as described above
    Return:
    @return the array of strings computed by splitting this string around matches of the given regular expression
    Exceptions:
    @throws PatternSyntaxException if the regular expression's syntax is invalid
    See:
    @see java.util.regex.Pattern
    Since:
    @since 1.4
    Misc:
    @spec JSR-51
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  • startsWithtop

    public boolean startsWith(String prefix)
    Tests if this string starts with the specified prefix.
    Parameters:
    @param prefix the prefix.
    Return:
    @return true if the character sequence represented by the argument is a prefix of the character sequence represented by this string; false otherwise. Note also that true will be returned if the argument is an empty string or is equal to this String object as determined by the String.equals(java.lang.Object) method.
    Since:
    @since 1. 0
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  • startsWithtop

    public boolean startsWith(String prefix, int toffset)
    Tests if this string starts with the specified prefix beginning a specified index.
    Parameters:
    @param prefix the prefix.
    @param toffset where to begin looking in the string.
    Return:
    @return true if the character sequence represented by the argument is a prefix of the substring of this object starting at index toffset; false otherwise. The result is false if toffset is negative or greater than the length of this String object; otherwise the result is the same as the result of the expression 
              this.substring(toffset).startsWith(prefix)
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  • subSequencetop

    public CharSequence subSequence(int beginIndex, int endIndex)
    Returns a new character sequence that is a subsequence of this sequence.

    An invocation of this method of the form 

     str.subSequence(begin, end)
    behaves in exactly the same way as the invocation 
     str.substring(begin, end)
    This method is defined so that the String class can implement the CharSequence interface.
    Parameters:
    @param beginIndex the begin index, inclusive.
    @param endIndex the end index, exclusive.
    Return:
    @return the specified subsequence.
    Exceptions:
    @throws IndexOutOfBoundsException if beginIndex or endIndex are negative, if endIndex is greater than length(), or if beginIndex is greater than startIndex
    Since:
    @since 1.4
    Misc:
    @spec JSR-51
    Specified by:
    subSequence from CharSequence
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  • substringtop

    public String substring(int beginIndex)
    Returns a new string that is a substring of this string. The substring begins with the character at the specified index and extends to the end of this string.

    Examples: 

     "unhappy".substring(2) returns "happy"
 "Harbison".substring(3) returns "bison"
 "emptiness".substring(9) returns "" (an empty string)
    Parameters:
    @param beginIndex the beginning index, inclusive.
    Return:
    @return the specified substring.
    Exceptions:
    @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if beginIndex is negative or larger than the length of this String object.
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  • substringtop

    public String substring(int beginIndex, int endIndex)
    Returns a new string that is a substring of this string. The substring begins at the specified beginIndex and extends to the character at index endIndex - 1. Thus the length of the substring is endIndex-beginIndex.

    Examples: 

     "hamburger".substring(4, 8) returns "urge"
 "smiles".substring(1, 5) returns "mile"
    Parameters:
    @param beginIndex the beginning index, inclusive.
    @param endIndex the ending index, exclusive.
    Return:
    @return the specified substring.
    Exceptions:
    @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if the beginIndex is negative, or endIndex is larger than the length of this String object, or beginIndex is larger than endIndex.
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  • toCharArraytop

    public char[] toCharArray()
    Converts this string to a new character array.
    Return:
    @return a newly allocated character array whose length is the length of this string and whose contents are initialized to contain the character sequence represented by this string.
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  • toLowerCasetop

    public String toLowerCase()
    Converts all of the characters in this String to lower case using the rules of the default locale. This is equivalent to calling toLowerCase(Locale.getDefault()).

    Return:
    @return the String, converted to lowercase.
    See:
    @see String.toLowerCase(java.util.Locale)
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  • toLowerCasetop

    public String toLowerCase(Locale locale)
    Converts all of the characters in this String to lower case using the rules of the given Locale. Case mapping is based on the Unicode Standard version specified by the Character class. Since case mappings are not always 1:1 char mappings, the resulting String may be a different length than the original String.

    Examples of lowercase mappings are in the following table:

    Language Code of LocaleUpper CaseLower CaseDescription
    tr (Turkish)\u0130\u0069capital letter I with dot above -> small letter i
    tr (Turkish)\u0049\u0131capital letter I -> small letter dotless i
    (all)French Friesfrench frieslowercased all chars in String
    (all)capiotacapchi capthetacapupsil capsigmaiotachi thetaupsilon sigmalowercased all chars in String

    Parameters:
    @param locale use the case transformation rules for this locale
    Return:
    @return the String, converted to lowercase.
    See:
    @see String.toLowerCase()
    @see String.toUpperCase()
    @see String.toUpperCase(java.util.Locale)
    Since:
    @since 1.1
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  • toStringtop

    public String toString()
    This object (which is already a string!) is itself returned.
    Return:
    @return the string itself.
    Specified by:
    toString from CharSequence
    Override hierarchy:
    toString from Object
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  • toUpperCasetop

    public String toUpperCase()
    Converts all of the characters in this String to upper case using the rules of the default locale. This method is equivalent to toUpperCase(Locale.getDefault()).

    Return:
    @return the String, converted to uppercase.
    See:
    @see String.toUpperCase(java.util.Locale)
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  • toUpperCasetop

    public String toUpperCase(Locale locale)
    Converts all of the characters in this String to upper case using the rules of the given Locale. Case mapping is based on the Unicode Standard version specified by the Character class. Since case mappings are not always 1:1 char mappings, the resulting String may be a different length than the original String.

    Examples of locale-sensitive and 1:M case mappings are in the following table.

    Language Code of LocaleLower CaseUpper CaseDescription
    tr (Turkish)\u0069\u0130small letter i -> capital letter I with dot above
    tr (Turkish)\u0131\u0049small letter dotless i -> capital letter I
    (all)\u00df\u0053 \u0053small letter sharp s -> two letters: SS
    (all)FahrvergnügenFAHRVERGNÜGEN

    Parameters:
    @param locale use the case transformation rules for this locale
    Return:
    @return the String, converted to uppercase.
    See:
    @see String.toUpperCase()
    @see String.toLowerCase()
    @see String.toLowerCase(java.util.Locale)
    Since:
    @since 1.1
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  • trimtop

    public String trim()
    Returns a copy of the string, with leading and trailing whitespace omitted.

    If this String object represents an empty character sequence, or the first and last characters of character sequence represented by this String object both have codes greater than '\u0020' (the space character), then a reference to this String object is returned.

    Otherwise, if there is no character with a code greater than '\u0020' in the string, then a new String object representing an empty string is created and returned.

    Otherwise, let k be the index of the first character in the string whose code is greater than '\u0020', and let m be the index of the last character in the string whose code is greater than '\u0020'. A new String object is created, representing the substring of this string that begins with the character at index k and ends with the character at index m-that is, the result of this.substring(k, m+1).

    This method may be used to trim whitespace (as defined above) from the beginning and end of a string.

    Return:
    @return A copy of this string with leading and trailing white space removed, or this string if it has no leading or trailing white space.
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  • valueOftop

    public static String valueOf(char c)
    Returns the string representation of the char argument.
    Parameters:
    @param c a char.
    Return:
    @return a string of length 1 containing as its single character the argument c.
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  • valueOftop

    public static String valueOf(double d)
    Returns the string representation of the double argument.

    The representation is exactly the one returned by the Double.toString method of one argument.

    Parameters:
    @param d a double.
    Return:
    @return a string representation of the double argument.
    See:
    @see Double.toString(double)
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  • valueOftop

    public static String valueOf(float f)
    Returns the string representation of the float argument.

    The representation is exactly the one returned by the Float.toString method of one argument.

    Parameters:
    @param f a float.
    Return:
    @return a string representation of the float argument.
    See:
    @see Float.toString(float)
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  • valueOftop

    public static String valueOf(int i)
    Returns the string representation of the int argument.

    The representation is exactly the one returned by the Integer.toString method of one argument.

    Parameters:
    @param i an int.
    Return:
    @return a string representation of the int argument.
    See:
    @see Integer.toString(int, int)
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  • valueOftop

    public static String valueOf(long l)
    Returns the string representation of the long argument.

    The representation is exactly the one returned by the Long.toString method of one argument.

    Parameters:
    @param l a long.
    Return:
    @return a string representation of the long argument.
    See:
    @see Long.toString(long)
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  • valueOftop

    public static String valueOf(Object obj)
    Returns the string representation of the Object argument.
    Parameters:
    @param obj an Object.
    Return:
    @return if the argument is null, then a string equal to "null"; otherwise, the value of obj.toString() is returned.
    See:
    @see Object.toString()
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  • valueOftop

    public static String valueOf(boolean b)
    Returns the string representation of the boolean argument.
    Parameters:
    @param b a boolean.
    Return:
    @return if the argument is true, a string equal to "true" is returned; otherwise, a string equal to "false" is returned.
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  • valueOftop

    public static String valueOf(char[] data)
    Returns the string representation of the char array argument. The contents of the character array are copied; subsequent modification of the character array does not affect the newly created string.
    Parameters:
    @param data a char array.
    Return:
    @return a newly allocated string representing the same sequence of characters contained in the character array argument.
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  • valueOftop

    public static String valueOf(char[] data, int offset, int count)
    Returns the string representation of a specific subarray of the char array argument.

    The offset argument is the index of the first character of the subarray. The count argument specifies the length of the subarray. The contents of the subarray are copied; subsequent modification of the character array does not affect the newly created string.

    Parameters:
    @param data the character array.
    @param offset the initial offset into the value of the String.
    @param count the length of the value of the String.
    Return:
    @return a string representing the sequence of characters contained in the subarray of the character array argument.
    Exceptions:
    @exception IndexOutOfBoundsException if offset is negative, or count is negative, or offset+count is larger than data.length.
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Fields

  • CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER

    public static final Comparator<String> CASE_INSENSITIVE_ORDER
    A Comparator that orders String objects as by compareToIgnoreCase. This comparator is serializable.

    Note that this Comparator does not take locale into account, and will result in an unsatisfactory ordering for certain locales. The java.text package provides Collators to allow locale-sensitive ordering.